At the word of aging, which crossed our minds are usually anything that has to do with the condition that starts sagging skin and wrinkles. But the true meaning of aging is the decline of some organ functions.

As we age, the aging process will still occur, but often do not realize. Stages of aging in human life is divided into three phases, namely, the subclinical stage (which occurs when a man of 25-35 years), the phase transition (ages 35-45), and the clinical phase (more 45 years).

In the subclinical phase, the human body is experiencing the aging process, but often not recognized because there is no accompanying symptoms.

Meanwhile, the phase transition, the symptoms of aging begin to appear. At this stage, the hormone that the body has been reduced by 25 percent, blood sugar began to increase muscle mass becomes smaller, and started having heart problems and obesity.

When someone enters the clinical phase, additional signs of aging more visible. The signs of the most obvious of which are poor absorption of nutrients and minerals, decreased bone density, from the symptoms of chronic disease and decreased sexual function.

At this stage, it is usually the person who is already starting to feel old, especially when the children are married and have grandchildren.

Inhibition of the Third Age

Every human being can not be separated from the process of aging, but aging can be prevented or inhibited. One way is to use antioxidants that prevent free radicals and prevent damage to cells or tissues.

Basically, every human being has a natural antioxidant found in every cell in the body tissues, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and so on. The natural antioxidants directly against free radicals and form a protective shield for the body.

However, the older the person, the amount of natural antioxidants produced by the body begins to decrease, while the number of free radicals continue to rise, partly due to exposure to pollution and preservatives in food. Therefore, it takes an additional intake of antioxidants, either foods and supplements.

Antioxidant supplements are still necessary, especially if you can not eat vegetables or fruit every day and tend to eat high-fat foods, smoking, drinking alcohol, physical activity is very heavy, has a psychological burden, and live in a contaminated environment.

Another way to slow the aging process is to make detoxification (neutralization of toxins in the body), diet (reducing fat intake), exercise, stress reduction and harmonization of the hormone.

Parents and physicians should not ignore the growth of head circumference of the child and the condition of the crown of the child. Each time the examination and height-weight babies or vaccination, preferably a pediatrician or other health professionals such as midwives and cadres posyandu to measure the circumference of the head on a regular basis to determine the growth of your brain .

In addition to measuring the circumference of the head, check out the crown of the child is required to determine the child’s brain development. Growing up the child is very important and is the best investment for the future. Growth disorders, especially disorders of growth and head size of crown condition is very important because children under 3 years old.

Some doctors and parents sometimes pay less attention to the size of the circumference of the baby’s head during a routine examination in practice. This is often the main focus is the growth of body weight, height, providing milk, meals and health status of the child. Monitoring the growth of head circumference and crown are often overlooked. In fact, it is important for early brain development disorders and other disorders. When detected late in the kelaianan da’at worsen existing ones. Measure the circumference of the head is important, because I could see his brain growth every month. When done routinely measure the head circumference and brain volume assessment. If the size of the circumference of the baby’s head was never controlled, then you never know if the normal size.

Although the size of the head of intelligence had no effect, but the size of the circumference of the baby’s head associated with brain volume. The normal volume of the newborn brain is 350 grams. When the diameter of the baby’s head about 30 cm, the volume of the brain may be less than that. But that does not mean much when the volume is that children as intelligent. That’s the difference in head shape, no connection at all locations of intelligence and brain volume.

In addition to measuring the circumference of the head, check out the crown of the child is required to determine the child’s brain development. Crown mark on the baby’s brain growth and development took place in a normal child or not. Closure of the crown, which is normally carried out at the age of 6 to 18 months.Top of the head when infants are closed or closing process is very quick to turn it off, the cause must be identified. Some of interference too quickly to close the large fontanelle associated with impaired growth and development, especially the brain and intelligence. Infants and children with disorders of the head size is sometimes accompanied by the top of her head was covered with since birth. Conditions such as these children’s brain development is interrupted. When ordinary is not optimal brain development and motor development of intelligence is not optimal.

Head circumference and crown

The size and head circumference associated with brain volume.When asecara not the size of the baby’s head circumference of a regular monitoring, so that doctors and parents never know if the normal size. The size of the head circumference of infants and children are different in each individual. Parameters are used regularly by a doctor to determine the head circumference of normal size on a scale Nellhaus. The size of a normal head circumference of 30 to 37 cm. The growth of head circumference increased from 2 cm of each month at the age of 0-3 months. At 4-6 months of age will grow from 1 cm per month, and at the age of 6-12 months pertambahannya 0.5 cm per month. Until the age of 5 years is usually about 50 cm. 5-12 years of age only up to 52-53 cm after the age of 12 years will no longer be expanded.

Or fontanel fontanelle is a small part of the baby’s head is soft.Crown came after several months on account of birth, the bones of the baby’s head is not connected to each other. Still, his position has been formed and perfectly side by side. Although it seems very fragile, the crown is really very powerful, because it protects the membrane, the layer of tissue covering the surface.There are two types of the crown, the anterior fontanelle and posterior fontanelle. Anterior fontanel is a crown at the top of the head. Width of approximately 5 cm. When large sunken fontanelle may be caused by lack of fluid. By contrast, the role, if suspected of nervous system disorders of the brain in the form of increased pressure within the head.

Under normal circumstances, large fontanelle (UUB) will cover about 90-95% at age 19-24 months. If the child had been closed is called craniosynostosis. This disorder is often accompanied with a size of small head circumference. Conversely, if the crown of the closure at the end could be due to hydrocephalus, Down syndrome, thyroid hormone deficiency and other diseases share

The impacts that could occur in craniosynostosis are brain cells can not grow because there is no space. Disorders such as cerebral palsy, cerebral palsy. The earlier the crown closed, the most severe impacts. Besides if the closure was followed by closure of the bones of the crown of the others, because if all the bones that cover the crown of the impact will be severe. Similarly, if the crown was already closed when the baby in the womb, then the impact will be more severe and to handle even more complex.

The factors influencing

Petumbuhan process and development of the central nervous system is influenced by genetic factors, nutrition and the environment in the form of stimulation or arousal. Abnormalities in the size of the cup head circumference growth is influenced by several factors. The most common factor is heredity. The size of the circumference of the child’s head is not very different from the size of the circumference of the head with one of their parents when they grow up someday. Other factors that influence the disorder in the womb may be due to an infection of pregnancy, chromosomal abnormalities or genetic disorders.

In some cases of microcephaly or makrosefali also can be considered normal or so-called family. In cases like this usually is not accompanied by neurological and growth or development of other children. Usually, the baby’s parents also has a similar head circumference. When babies with abnormalities makrosefali, his parents were makrosefali. So when a child is not normal, the circumference of the head size, head circumference should be measured to parents.

Microcephaly and Makrosefali

The disruption to normal when the head is said to be a large head circumference lukuran less or more than 2 standard deviations Nelhaus scale according to their age. If the size of a head circumference smaller with a difference of 2 standard deviations from the normal size, called microcephaly disorder.However, when the measurements of the circumference of the baby’s head over normal size, called makrosefali.

Microcephaly or disorders of the circumference of a head growth are less frequent due to the interference fit normally in the womb may be due to infections such as pregnancy TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes), chromosomal abnormalities or genetic disorders. Other causes for the general deterioration of growth, the physics of a baby small for his head is also small. This is usually caused by genetic or maternal nutrition to infants less.

Disorders that this disorder can affect the ability of the infant brain. If not perfect brain development, the ability to affect the ability of intelligence, motor skills, emotional, social, etc..

When measurements of the circumference of the baby’s head 2 over-sized standard makrosefali said anomalies. In fact, only a minority of cases that included normal makrosefali. Most cases are caused by makrosefali hydrocephalus, which is a big head, due to excess fluid in the brain. If the abnormality is suspected to also be examined makrosefali penuinjang other, because we can not expect structural abnormalities in the brain. To find anomalies of hydrocephalus and other disorders can have an ultrasound or CT scan.

Hydrocephalus is a disease caused by interruption of flow of fluid in the brain (cerebral spinal fluid) or cerebrospinal fluid into the cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid or subdural space. The disturbance that causes a large amount of fluid that will increase pressure on surrounding brain tissue, especially in the vital nerve centers.

The cause of hydrocephalus is divided into two, namely, congenital and developmental disorders disebapkan malformation of the fetus in the womb of Arnold Chiari or intrauterine infection. Symptoms that can be found in a child with hydrocephalus depends on the cause and age of the patient.When the cause of inherited disorders, symptoms have not found at birth or childhood. When symptoms occur when the baby in the womb often have died in the womb.

When is anatomically divided into 2 hydrocephalus, hydrocephalus noncommunicating hydrocephalus (covered) and communication. Non-communicating hydrocephalus due to congenital anomalies, tumors and infeksi.Kondisi this happens because there is a blockage in a specific location in the brain, in the narrow streets through which brain fluid flows out of the cavity of the cerebral ventricles.

Communicating hydrocephalus due to congenital or acquired abnormalities, such as after an illness of meningitis (meningitis) or bleeding in the lining of the brain. disorders of the cerebrospinal fluid absorption occurs is insufficient absorption (subarachnoid). Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid may be caused by tumors, although rare. Some infections in the uterus can also cause hydrocephalus. This infection usually occurs early in pregnancy until the second quarter.

Clinical manifestations of hydrocephalus is the enlarged head circumference, fontanelles antrior prominent. The scalp venous dilatation and clearly visible when the baby cries. There creckedpot sound (Macewen sign) with the eyes looking down, easily excited, weakness and reduced power capacity. Spatik opisthotonos and lower extremities. In newborns with malformations of the mouth, the baby has difficulty swallowing.Loud sounds of breathing (stridor), difficulty breathing, apnea (stopping breathing), no gag reflex, headache, papilledema (swelling of the innervation of the eye), strabismus (crossed eyes), ataxia ( balance problems), lethargy (weakness), confusion and incoherent speech.

Prevention

The growth of a child’s brain is a very important process, is another important period of fastest brain growth occurs in the quarter, 3 to 3 years old. At the age of children, especially the first three years, is an important period of the “Golden Age” for extraordinary brain development. Because the process of brain development takes place very rapidly during this period. These conditions are also vulnerable and critical period, as it only happens once in life. Brain average birth weight of 350 grams. At the age of 1 year, 1,000 grams of weight and brain volume at the age of 2 years 1,200 grams. While the adult brain volume is only 1400 grams in males and 1,250 g in women. Process Petumbuhan and infant brain development is influenced by genetic factors, nutrition and the environment in the form of stimulation or arousal.

Early prevention to avoid the appearance of changes in head circumference and brain disorders. Counseling before marriage and that the plan to have children is very important. Check a gynecologist regularly to detect any abnormalities early pregnancy TORCH infections in particular.

Some foods are believed to enhance the development of Nutri central nervous system in the brain and the circulation of DNA replication and oxygen, such as DHA and AA, iron, taurine, choline and zinc. The main source of nutrients that are widely available range of content in breast milk. So breastfeeding can not deny it can not be defeated by any of formula feeding.

If you are planning to have a tattoo, then make sure it is done by a professional expert, and not created by a friend or amateur tattoo services. Because the services get a tattoo by an amateur in the risk of transmission of hepatitis C.

In an analysis of dozens of recent studies of several researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that tattoos are done by non-professional group seems to increase risk of heart disease through a blood infection . By contrast, there is evidence that professional tattoo that do have the same risk.
Hepatitis C remains a threat to public health in the United States. About 75 to 85 percent of those infected with chronic hepatitis C contracted the disease which caused severe disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis C is spread between humans through contact with infected blood. In the United States, there are about 18 thousand new cases of infection with hepatitis C each year, especially when people who use needles to inject drugs or shared needles. But there are other ways which can be a source of transmission of disease.

“Tattoos and piercing can transmit hepatitis C and other infections if performed under nonsterile conditions. Do not get a tattoo or body piercing with the help of friends or people who are not professionally trained,” said Rania
Tohme, a CDC epidemiologist who led the study as reported by Reuters Health.
The findings, published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases, based on research collections that have been published since 1994. In general, people are tattooed by non-professional group has a risk of infection with hepatitis C as long as two to four times above average. Tohme also highlights the problem of the practice of tattooing in prison. In its report, Tohme, wrote that prison tattoos are a particular problem when the practice is a very common risk that prisoners may have other risk factors for hepatitis C.

“To date, there has been no evidence that tattoos and piercings are performed in a professional exhibition in the United States contribute to the transmission of hepatitis C virus,” said Tohme.

If you want to get a tattoo with the assistance of a professional, Tohme suggested making some precautions. ”The use of disposable needles, tattoo needles and razors used are also disposable. Using a needle or razor blades turn very insecure,” Tohme added.